Measured Spectra

The Measured Spectra window connects your design to the spectrophotometer. Import a measured reflectance, transmittance, or absorptance curve from an instrument file, compare it against the design on Optical Evaluation, and fit the design’s thicknesses to it. Export writes either the computed design spectrum or your imported curves to a portable file. The window is split into Import and Export tabs.

Import

Press Import Spectrum and pick a file. What the importer accepts, and the instrument quirks it handles on its own, is on the Spectrum File Formats page.

An opened file belongs to the design selected in the project explorer. Select another design and the window shows that design’s curves and nothing of the file; come back and the file is where you left it. With no design selected the window shows nothing but a request to open or create one.

Confirming the parse

For a text table the panel shows what was detected and lets you override it: the wavelength unit, which column to take, the quantity, the Y scale, and the curve’s name. The preview beside it plots the incoming curve against the design’s own spectrum, evaluated at that curve’s angle, so you can see before committing whether the measurement sits where the design sits.

Below the name come the conditions the file leaves unsaid, which is most of them: a wrong value poisons a fit without ever looking wrong, so check each one before adding the curve.

Angle of incidence, asked when the file leaves any of its columns without one. It covers every such column, because Add all curves adds them too. A near-normal accessory is usually 6 or 8 degrees, not 0.
Polarization: average, s, or p. Not asked for absorptance, which is what the sample keeps of everything that reached it and has no polarization to pick.

Every imported curve carries its own copy of these, and you can correct them afterwards on the curve itself. A measurement is taken with the coated face toward the beam; there is no setting for the other way round.

Add to design adds the column you configured. Add all curves appears for a file with several data columns and adds every one of them, which is what you want for a file holding T and R side by side, and not what you want for a file that also carries raw signal columns.

Editing a curve

An imported curve is stored on the design and persists with the project. Each one gets a card in the window where you can rename it, change its colour, retype it, correct the source scale, correct the measurement conditions, and trim its wavelength range. Trimming is not destructive: it moves the bounds used everywhere else and the points stay in the file, so you can widen it again.

On Optical Evaluation the curves appear as dotted lines with open-circle markers, coloured by R / T / A. The checkbox on the card hides one without removing it.

Typing a curve, or changing its points

New curve, beside Import Spectrum, opens the curve editor on an empty table, and Edit on a curve card opens it on that curve’s points. The points are in a table on the left and plotted on the right, over the design’s own spectrum at the curve’s angle and polarization. Drag the divider between them to give either side more room.

Columns. Each column is set in its own heading. The wavelength column takes nm, µm, cm⁻¹ or eV. A value column takes a quantity, T, R or A, and a unit: %, 0-1 or dB; for T and R also dB loss, the loss as a positive number of dB, the way a target loss curve or a return loss is usually written; and optical density for T. The unit says what the typed numbers are; changing it does not rescale them. Above the heading of a new curve’s column is the name the curve gets. + Column adds a value column, and the bin icon in a heading removes one. Each value column becomes a curve of its own, so T and R, or s and p, can be typed side by side. A click on a heading outside its controls selects the column.
Selecting and typing. Click, Shift-click or drag to select cells, and Ctrl-click to add one. Type to replace a value; a decimal comma reads as a decimal point. Ctrl+C and Ctrl+V copy and paste, a pasted value or row repeats over the selection, and a block pasted from a spreadsheet or a text file is read the way a file is imported, the table growing to hold it. Delete removes the rows of the selected cells and Backspace empties the cells. Ctrl+Z undoes. Drag the small square on the selection’s bottom-right corner down or up to continue the selected values, the table growing as far down as you drag: one number is copied, or counted up or down by 1 with Ctrl held, and two or more continue the straight line that fits them best, so 400 and 410 go on 420, 430.
Fill…, Change…, Smooth… and Resample… each open a panel under the button. The panel says what the tool will do and to which cells, and follows the selection while it is open, so you can select cells with it showing. Running the tool, Escape or the button pressed again closes it.
Fill… writes down each selected column one value, an even step from a first value, or a run from a first to a last value spaced evenly in log or in wavenumber. The panel shows the values the first column will get.
Change… scales the selected values by a percentage or turns each value V into a·V + b, and shows what the first one becomes. Empty cells stay empty.
Smooth… replaces each selected value by a polynomial of the order you set, fitted to it and the number of points you set on each side (Savitzky-Golay). With one cell selected it smooths that cell’s whole column. The wavelength column is never smoothed.
Resample… puts every column onto a new wavelength grid at the step you set, with the interpolation Fit uses, and says how many rows the grid will have.
A value above 100 % or below 0 is marked in red. With Drag points on, a point dragged up or down on the plot takes the value it is dropped at.

Apply sorts the rows by wavelength and adds the new curves, or changes the edited one, and from then on they are curves like any imported one. A new curve gets its angle and polarization on its card. If fit targets were made from the edited curve, Apply offers to rebuild them from the new points, keeping their grid, range, weight and scale.

A curve typed in dB, dB loss or optical density keeps that unit. Edit opens it in that unit again, and its card shows Typed in dB, Typed in dB loss or Typed in OD under Source scale in place of the Percent and Fraction choice, which would rescale such a curve wrongly.

Pulse Analysis opens the same editor on a pulse spectrum, with two fixed columns: the intensity, and the spectral phase in radians, which may be left empty. A negative intensity is marked in red, and Smooth… and Resample… unwrap a phase written wrapped into a 2π range (−π to π, or 0 to 2π) before working on it.

Fitting the design to a measurement

Fit… on a curve card turns that measurement into a merit-function target, so Refinement can adjust the design’s thicknesses until the computed spectrum matches what you measured. This is characterization of a coating you already know the recipe for; it is not recovering an unknown stack from an arbitrary spectrum, which is not solvable from intensity alone.

Which points to fit

As measured uses the measured points as they are and invents nothing. Correct when the scan is dense and evenly spaced, and the default.
Every Nth point uses measured points only, thinned. Use it when a very dense scan slows a run down for no gain.
Even step interpolates onto a wavelength step you choose.

Interpolating a coarse scan onto a fine grid adds no information. The reason to resample is uniformity, not density: the merit function sums over its points, so an unevenly sampled scan quietly weights the fit toward wherever the instrument happened to take more readings. Interpolation is shape-preserving, so it will not overshoot at a steep band edge and ask the optimizer to chase a reflectance above 100 %.

For a transmittance curve, Fit in picks % or dB. In dB the target holds the points in dB and scores the fit in dB, so a 0.1 dB miss counts the same at −20 dB as at 0 dB. Use it for a curve specified in dB, such as a gain-flattening target. A point at or below 0 % has no dB value and is left out; the dialog says how many.

You can also narrow the wavelength range, set the weight the fit carries against the rest of the merit function, and add minimum and maximum layer thickness constraints in the same step. Append adds the target to the merit function you already have; replace clears it first.

The target it creates

The fit becomes a single row in the Merit Function Editor holding its own copy of the measurement, so it travels with the design and keeps working if the curve is later changed or removed. Only its Enabled switch and Weight can be edited: the rest describes a measurement that was taken, not a target you choose. The value it reports is the RMS difference between design and measurement, in the same units as the curve.

If a curve runs past the wavelengths your materials have data for, the target is clipped to what can be evaluated and the dialog says so.

Optical Evaluation draws the target whether or not the design still holds the curve behind it. Loading a saved merit function into another design therefore shows what it fits to; if you want the measurement back as a curve you can edit, the Import tab offers to restore it.

A fit made in dB shows in the table as MCURVE dB, reports its RMS difference in dB, and is restored as a transmittance curve.

Export

A What to export chooser picks the source:

Design spectrum: the computed T / R / A of the active design. Set the wavelength start, end and step, an angle-of-incidence list, the channels, and whether to split s and p (absorptance has no s/p split). It follows the active surface mode and works without Optical Evaluation open.
Measured curves: the curves you imported. Tick the ones to write.

For either source, choose the format (CSV or JCAMP-DX), the wavelength unit (nm, µm, or cm⁻¹) and whether Y is written as a fraction or a percentage.

How to read it

The typical use is validating a deposition run: import the spectrophotometer trace and compare it against the predicted curve. Where the two diverge tells you how the as-built coating departs from the design, and fitting turns that difference into the layer thicknesses that actually came out of the chamber.

References

McDonald & Wilks, Appl. Spectrosc. 42, 151 (1988), the JCAMP-DX XYDATA / ASDF format (AFFN, PAC, SQZ, DIF, DUP).
Fritsch & Carlson, SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 17, 238 (1980), the shape-preserving interpolation used when resampling onto an even step.